"LRMer (IFLA Library Reference Model Entity Relationship)"@en . . "IFLA LRM is a high-level conceptual reference model developed within an entity-relationship modelling framework. It is the consolidation of the separately developed IFLA conceptual models: FRBR, FRAD, FRSAD.\n\nIFLA LRM was developed to resolve inconsistencies between the three separate models. Every user task, entity, attribute and relationship from the original three models was examined, definitions had to be revised, but also some remodeling was required in order to develop a meaningful consolidation. The result is a single, streamlined, and logically consistent model that covers all aspects of bibliographic data and that at the same time brings the modelling up-to-date with current conceptual modelling practices.\n\nIFLA LRM was designed to be used in linked data environments and to support and promote the use of bibliographic data in linked data environments.\n"@en . . . "Agent"@en . . "An entity capable of deliberate actions, of being granted rights, and of being held accountable for its actions"@en . "The entity agent is a superclass strictly equivalent to the union of the entities person and collective agent. It is defined to reduce redundancy in the model by providing a single entity to serve as the domain or range of certain relationships that apply to all specific types of agents. Being an agent requires having, or having had, the potential of intentional relationships with instances of entities of bibliographic interest (works, expressions, manifestations, items), whether that specific agent has ever done so or not. Human beings are directly or indirectly the motive force behind all such actions taken by all agents. Automatons (such as, weather recording devices, software translation programs, etc.), sometimes referred to as technological agents, are in this model viewed as tools used and set up by an actual agent."@en . . "Agent" . . . . . . . . . . . "Collective Agent"@en . . "A gathering or organization of persons bearing a particular name and capable of acting as a unit"@en . "The entity collective agent designates a wide range of named groups of persons that bear a particular name and have the potential of acting together as a unit. In addition to families, commercial or corporate entities and other legally registered bodies, the entity collective agent includes organizations and associations, musical, artistic or performing groups, governments, and any of their sub-units. The membership of many types of collective agents will continue to evolve over time. Occasional groups and groups that are constituted as meetings, conferences, congresses, expeditions, exhibitions, festivals, fairs, etc., also fall under the definition of collective agent as long as they are identified by a particular name and can act as a unit. Joint pseudonyms or collective pseudonyms are nomens that refer to instances of the collective agent entity as the agent behind the identity consists of two or more persons bearing a particular name and acting as a unit, despite having chosen to be identified by a name culturally associated with individual persons. A gathering of people is considered a collective agent only when it exhibits organizational characteristics that permit them to perform actions that reflect agency with respect to instances of entities of bibliographic interest (such as approving a report, publishing the proceedings of a conference). These collective actions may be performed by representatives selected by the whole, rather than by all individual members acting together. Groups of persons that do not qualify as agents (for example, national, religious, cultural or ethnic groups, such as Italian-Canadians, or gatherings referred to by a general descriptive term instead of a particular name) are not instances of the entity collective agent. The essential distinction between a collective agent and a gathering of people which is not an instance of the entity collective agent, is that the name used by the instance of the entity must be a specific name and not just a generic description for the gathering. Families and corporate bodies are specific types of collective agents that may be relevant in a particular bibliographic application."@en . . "CollectiveAgent" . . . . . "Expression"@en . . "A distinct combination of signs conveying intellectual or artistic content"@en . "An expression is a distinct combination of signs of any form or nature (including visual, aural or gestural signs) intended to convey intellectual or artistic content and identifiable as such. The term \u201Csign\u201D is intended here in the meaning used in semiotics. An expression is an abstract entity distinct from the carriers used to record it. An expression is the specific intellectual or artistic form that a work takes each time it is \u201Crealized\u201D. Expression encompasses, for example, the specific words, sentences, paragraphs, etc. that result from the realization of a work in the form of a text, or the particular sounds, phrasing, etc. resulting from the realization of a musical work. The boundaries of the entity expression are defined, however, so as to exclude incidental aspects of physical form, such as typeface and page layout for a text, unless, due to the nature of the work, these are integral to the intellectual or artistic realization of the work as such. An expression comes into existence simultaneously with the creation of its first manifestation, no expression can exist without there being (or there having been at some point in the past) at least one manifestation. The process of abstraction leading to the identification of the entity expression indicates that the intellectual or artistic content embodied in one manifestation is in fact the same, or substantially the same, as that embodied in another manifestation even though the physical embodiment may differ and differing attributes of the manifestations may obscure the fact that the content is similar in both. On a practical level, the degree to which bibliographic distinctions are made between variant expressions of a work will depend to some extent on the nature of the work itself, on the anticipated needs of users and on what the cataloguer can reasonably be expected to recognize from the instance of the manifestation being described. Variations within substantially the same expression (e.g., slight variations that can be noticed between two states of the same edition in the case of hand press production) would be ignored in most applications. However, for some applications of the model (e.g., comprehensive databases of early printed texts, complete listings of the states of prints), each variation may be viewed as a different expression. Inasmuch as the form of expression is an inherent characteristic of the expression, any change in form (e.g., from written notation to spoken word) results in a new expression. Similarly, changes in the intellectual conventions or instruments that are employed to express a work (e.g., translation of a textual work from one language to another) result in the production of a new expression. If a text is revised or modified, the resulting expression is considered to be a new expression of the work. Minor changes, such as corrections of spelling and punctuation, etc., may be considered as variations within the same expression. When an expression of a work is accompanied by augmentations, such as illustrations, notes, glosses, etc. that are not integral to the intellectual or artistic realization of the work, such augmentations are considered to be separate expressions of their own separate work(s). Such augmentations may, or may not, be considered significant enough to warrant distinct bibliographic identification."@en . . "Expression" . . . . . . . . . . . "Item"@en . . "An object or objects carrying signs intended to convey intellectual or artistic content"@en . "In terms of intellectual or artistic content and physical form, an item exemplifying a manifestation normally reflects all the characteristics that define the manifestation itself. An item is in many instances a single physical object, but in other cases, an item may consist of multiple physical pieces or objects. An item may be a part of a larger physical object, for example, when a file is stored on a disc which also contains other files, the portion of the disc holding the file is the physical carrier or item."@en . . "Item" . . . . . . . . . . . "Manifestation"@en . . "A set of all carriers that are assumed to share the same characteristics as to intellectual or artistic content and aspects of physical form. That set is defined by both the overall content and the production plan for its carrier or carriers"@en . "A manifestation results from the capture of one or more expressions onto a carrier or set of carriers. As an entity, manifestation represents the common characteristics shared by those carriers, in respect to both intellectual or artistic content and physical form. A manifestation is recognized from the common characteristics exhibited by the items resulting from the same production process. The specification of the production process is an intrinsic part of the manifestation. The production may be explicitly planned so as to take place over time, as, for example, in printing on demand. The production plan may involve aspects that are not under the direct control of the producer, such as the specific digital storage media onto which an online file is downloaded by different end-users. Whatever storage media is used, the downloaded files are instances of the same manifestation as the online file. Production processes cover the range from formal industrial processes to artisanal or artistic processes. A production process may result in a set of multiple items that are interchangeable for most purposes. The manifestation can be defined by the specific properties and attributes that any item belonging to that manifestation should portray. In other cases, such as for holograph manuscripts, many artisanal or artistic productions or reproductions for preservation purposes, the intention is that the production process result in a single, unique item. The manifestation in this case is the singleton set (a set with a single member) that captures the idea of the item in question. The boundaries between one manifestation and another are drawn on the basis of both intellectual or artistic content and physical form. When the production process involves changes in physical form, the resulting product is considered a new manifestation. Changes in physical form include changes affecting display characteristics that are incidental to the conception of the work (e.g., a change in typeface, size of font, page layout, etc.), changes in physical medium (e.g., a change from paper to microfilm as the medium of conveyance), and changes in the container (e.g., a change from cassette to cartridge as the container for a tape). Where the production process involves a publisher, producer, distributor, etc., and there are changes signalled in the product that are related to publication, marketing, etc. (e.g., a change in publisher, repackaging, etc.), the resulting product may be considered a new manifestation. Whenever the production process involves modifications, additions, deletions, etc. (other than minor changes to spelling, punctuation, etc.) that affect the intellectual or artistic content, the result is a new expression of the work which is embodied in a new manifestation. On a practical level, the degree to which distinctions between manifestations are accounted for in catalogues will depend to some extent on the anticipated needs of users and on the differences that the cataloguer can reasonably be expected to recognize. Certain minor variations or differences in packaging may not be considered bibliographically significant and will not warrant the recognition of a new manifestation. Changes that occur deliberately or inadvertently during the production process that affect the items result, strictly speaking, in a new manifestation of the same expression. A manifestation resulting from such a change may be identified as a particular \u201Cstate\u201D or \u201Cissue\u201D of the publication. Changes that occur to an individual item after the production process is complete (damage, wear and tear, the loss of a page, repairs, rebinding into multiple volumes, etc.) are not considered to result in a new manifestation. That item is simply considered to be an exemplar of the manifestation that no longer fully reflects the original production plan. However, when multiple items from different manifestations are physically combined or joined (books or pamphlets bound together, audio tapes spliced together, etc.) the result is a new singleton manifestation."@en . . "Manifestation" . . . . . . . . . . . "Nomen"@en . . "An association between an entity and a designation that refers to it"@en . "A nomen associates whatever appellation (i.e., combination of signs) is used to refer to an instance of any entity found in the bibliographic universe with that entity. Any entity referred to in the universe of discourse is named through at least one nomen. An arbitrary combination of signs or symbols cannot be regarded as an appellation or designation until it is associated with something in some context. In that sense, the nomen entity can be understood as the reification of a relationship between an instance of res and a string. The string itself does not constitute an instance of the nomen entity but is modelled as the value of the nomen string attribute of an instance of the nomen entity. Two instances of the nomen entity can have perfectly identical values for their nomen string attribute and yet remain distinct, as long as they either refer to distinct instances of the res entity, or have distinct values for one or more of their other attributes (while referring to the same instance of the res entity). A nomen associates a combination of signs with an instance of an entity on the basis of a cultural or linguistic convention: by associating a nomen string with a res, the nomen establishes a meaning that is not inherent in the nomen string itself. Depending on context of use, nomens having identical values for their nomen string attribute can involve instances of different entities in the real world even within the same language (polysemy and homonymy). Conversely, the same instance of an entity can be referred to through any number of nomens (synonymy). In the controlled environment of a bibliographic information system, though, synonymy is avoided and the nomen string attribute values of nomens would generally be disambiguated, so that each nomen string is associated with only one instance of the res entity within the specific scheme. The identity of a nomen is determined by the combination of the res it involves, the choice and order of the symbols used within its nomen string attribute, and the values of all of its other attributes. Variation in the symbols used (such as transliteration into another script) or variation in their ordering usually results in a different nomen, but variation in the visual representation of the symbols present in the nomen string attribute value (such as different fonts that may be used to present alpha-numeric or character strings) does not result in a different nomen string. Nomens are assigned and associated with instances of entities either formally (such as by bibliographic agencies) or informally through common usage. When nomens are assigned formally, the construction of the nomen string attribute value may follow predetermined rules. A nomen string attribute value may consist of components or parts. In this case, the corresponding nomen can be viewed as being derived from two or more pre-existing nomens, and this derivation process may be governed by rules (for example, the ordering of name-title access points for works, the citation order in a faceted classification scheme, or the order of subdivisions in a subject heading system). For example, a new nomen for a person may be derived by combining a pre-existing nomen for that person and a nomen for the time-span of that person\u2019s lifetime; similarly, a new nomen for a work may be derived by combining a nomen for a person who authored that work, and a pre-existing nomen for that work."@en . . "Nomen" . . . . . . . . . . . "Person"@en . . "An individual human being"@en . "The entity person is restricted to real persons who live or are assumed to have lived. Strict proof of the existence of a person is not required, as long as there is a general acceptance of their probable historicity. However, figures generally considered fictional (for example, Kermit the Frog), literary (for example, Miss Jane Marple) or purely legendary (for example, the wizard Merlin) are not instances of the entity person."@en . . "Person" . . . . . "Place"@en . . "A given extent of space"@en . "The entity place, as relevant in a bibliographic context, is a cultural construction; it is the human identification of a geographic area or extent of space. Places are usually identified through a physical object (a geographical feature or a man-made object), or due to their relevance with regards to a particular agent (geopolitical entities such as countries, cities), or as the location of an event. The place as an extent of space is distinct from any governing bodies that exercise jurisdiction in that territory. The government responsible for a territory is a collective agent. Places can be contemporary or historical, on Earth or extra-terrestrial. Imaginary, legendary or fictional places are not instances of the place entity. A place can have fuzzy boundaries. The boundaries of a place can change over time (such as a city that absorbs adjacent suburbs) without changing the identity of the place for bibliographic purposes. As it can be a moving frame of reference, the entity place is not necessarily identified by its geospatial coordinates alone."@en . . "Place" . . . . . . . . . . . "Res"@en . . "Res"@en . . "Any entity in the universe of discourse"@en . "Res (\u201Cthing\u201D in Latin) is the top entity in the model. Res includes both material or physical things and concepts. Everything considered relevant to the bibliographic universe, which is the universe of discourse in this case, is included. Res is a superclass of all the other entities that are explicitly defined, as well as of any other entities not specifically labelled."@en . . . "Time-span"@en . . "A temporal extent having a beginning, an end and a duration"@en . "A time-span is a period of time that can be identified by specifying its beginning and end. The resulting duration can be associated with actions or occurrences that happened during that period of time. Even a very precise time-span has a measurable duration, however brief it may be. In library implementations, the instances of time-span considered useful in bibliographic or authority data are often expressed in years (year of birth of a person, year of death of a person, year a corporate body ceased to exist, year of publication of a manifestation), even though the associated event took place during only a portion of the year. The information available to the cataloguer, or the inherent characteristics of the time-span being identified, will be reflected in the degree of precision used in recording of a temporal extent. For example, '14th century' may be sufficiently precise in recording the beginning of the Renaissance, while a decade may be more appropriate when identifying the beginning of a musical style. Dates serve as the appellations or nomens for time-spans in different calendar or time-keeping systems. Time-spans can also be referred to by more general terms, such as for ages, geological eras, or epochs."@en . . "Time-span" . . . . . . . . . . . "Work"@en . . "The intellectual or artistic content of a distinct creation"@en . "A work is an abstract entity that permits the grouping of expressions that are considered functional equivalents or near equivalents. A work is a conceptual object, no single material object can be identified as the work. The essence of the work is the constellation of concepts and ideas that form the shared content of what we define to be expressions of the same work. A work is perceived through the identification of the commonality of content between and among various expressions. However, similarity of factual or thematic content alone is not enough to group several expressions as realizing the same instance of work. For example, two textbooks both presenting an introduction to calculus, or two oil paintings of the same view (even if painted by the same artist), would be considered distinct works if independent intellectual or artistic effort was involved in their creation. In the case of aggregating works and serial works, the essence of the work is the concept or plan for the selection, assembly and ordering of the expressions of other works to be embodied in the resulting aggregate manifestation. A work comes into existence simultaneously with the creation of its first expression, no work can exist without there being (or there having been at some point in the past) at least one expression of the work. A work can be recognized retrospectively from an examination of the individual realizations or expressions of the work. The work consists of the intellectual or artistic creation that lies behind all the various expressions of the work. As a result, the content identified with an instance of work can evolve as new expressions of it are created. Bibliographic and cultural conventions play a crucial role in determining the exact boundaries between similar instances of works. User needs are the basis for determining whether instances of expression are considered to belong to the same instance of work. When the majority of users, for most general purposes, would regard the expression instances as being intellectually equivalent, then these expressions are considered to be expressions of the same work. Generally, when a significant degree of independent intellectual or artistic effort is involved in the production of an expression, the result is viewed as a new work with a transformation relationship to the source work. Thus paraphrases, rewritings, adaptations for children, parodies, musical variations on a theme and free transcriptions of a musical composition are usually considered to represent new works. Similarly, adaptations of a work from one literary or art form to another (e.g., dramatizations, adaptations from one medium of the graphic arts to another, etc.) are considered to represent new works. Abstracts, digests and summaries are also considered to represent new works."@en . . "Work" . . . . . . . . . . . "accompanies or complements"@en . . "Relates a work to another work that it accompanies or complements"@en . "The relationship between two works which are independent, but can also be used in conjunction with each other as complements or companions. The two works may be adding value to each other (in this case the relationship is symmetrical); in other cases one of the works is considered secondary."@en . "Source documentation has \"accompanies / complements\"; slash character replaced with \"or\" to improve clarity."@en . . "accompaniesOrComplements" . . . . . . . "aggregated"@en . . "Relates an aggregating expression to a specific expression of a work that was chosen as part of the plan of the aggregating expression"@en . "An aggregating expression will select multiple specific expressions of other works so that they can be embodied together in an aggregate manifestation. An expression may be chosen by multiple aggregating expressions. This is a shortcut of the relationships illustrated in Figure 5.8, the general model for aggregates. EXPRESSION1 is embodied in MANIFESTATION (aggregate) + MANIFESTATION (aggregate) embodies (aggregating) EXPRESSION. Unlike the whole-part relationship between expressions, the expressions selected to appear together in the aggregate manifestation do not become components of the aggregating expression. Furthermore, the relationship between these expressions is not an inherent feature of the works that these expressions realize, and thus is does not hold in other expressions of those works."@en . . "aggregated" . . . . . . . "assigned"@en . . "Relates an agent with a particular nomen that was assigned by this agent"@en . "In the bibliographic context, nomen assignment is applied to the creation of subject terms, controlled access points, identifiers, etc."@en . . "assigned" . . . . . . . "created expression"@en . . "Relates an agent to an expression in which the agent is responsible for the realization of a work"@en . "This relationship applies both to the creation of the original expression and any subsequent modifications such as translations, revisions and performances. An agent responsible for the intellectual or artistic content of a work is responsible for the conception of the work as an abstract entity; an agent responsible for the expression of the work is responsible for the specifics of the intellectual or artistic realization or execution of the expression. The logical connection between an expression and a related agent serves as the basis both for identifying an agent responsible for an individual expression and for ensuring that all expressions realized by an agent are linked to that agent."@en . . "createdExpression" . . . . . . . "created manifestation"@en . . "Relates an agent to a manifestation that the agent is responsible for creating"@en . "For a manifestation, the notion of creation broadly includes the publication process for published manifestations. The logical connection between a manifestation and a related agent serves as the basis both for identifying an agent responsible for creating a manifestation and for ensuring that all manifestations created by an agent are linked to that agent."@en . . "createdManifestation" . . . . . . . "created work"@en . . "Relates an agent to a work for which the agent is responsible for the creation of intellectual or artistic content"@en . "The logical connection between a work and a related agent serves as the basis both for identifying an agent responsible for an individual work and for ensuring that all works by a particular agent are linked to that agent."@en . . "createdWork" . . . . . . . "distributes"@en . . "Relates an agent to a manifestation for which the agent is responsible for making items of that manifestation available"@en . "The items can be made available through the traditional distribution processes for physical items, or by making electronic items available for download, streaming, etc."@en . . "distributes" . . . . . . . "embodies"@en . . "Relates a manifestation with an expression which appears in the manifestation"@en . "A manifestation may embody one or more expressions and any expression may be embodied in one or more manifestations. This logical connection serves as the basis both for identifying the specific expression or expressions of a work or works embodied in an individual manifestation and for ensuring that all manifestations of the same expression are linked back to that expression."@en . . "embodies" . . . . . . . "exemplifies"@en . . "Relates an item with the manifestation whose characteristics are reflected in the item"@en . "The logical connection serves as the basis both for identifying the manifestation exemplified by an individual item and for ensuring that all items of the same manifestation are linked to that manifestation. Indirectly the relationships between a manifestation and the various items exemplifying that manifestation also serve to establish a \u201Csibling\u201D relationship between the various items of a manifestation."@en . . "exemplifies" . . . . . . . "has access conditions"@en . . "Relates a manifestation to information as to how any of the carriers of the manifestation are likely to be obtained"@en . "The access conditions attribute includes: - System requirements, - Mode of access, - etc."@en . . "hasAccessConditions" . . . . "has alternate"@en . . "Relates manifestations that effectively serve as alternatives for each other"@en . "Typical cases are when a publication, sound recording, video, etc., is issued in more than one format or when it is released simultaneously by different publishers in different countries."@en . . "hasAlternate" . . . . . . "has appellation"@en . . "Relates an entity with a sign or combination of signs or symbols through which that entity is referred to within a given scheme or context"@en . "The consequence of the definition of nomen as the association between something and a designation that refers to it, is that each nomen is uniquely associated with a single res within a given scheme (which can extend from a specific local system to a natural language, through a shared authority file). The resulting cardinality of the appellation relationship is that while a single res may have many nomens, each nomen is the appellation of a single res. The fact that two instances of nomen may have the same value for their nomen string attribute does not modify this cardinality, and does not imply that such instances of nomen are actually one and the same instance of nomen associated with more than one instance of res, even if the scheme in question is a natural language. The nomen string \"Gift\" may be used to refer either to a present or to a poison, according to whether it is the nomen string value for a nomen within the English language or for a nomen in the German language: although the string nomen values look the same, we do have here two distinct instances of nomen for two distinct instances of res. Although in theory, one instance of nomen (a subclass of res) could be associated to another instance of nomen via the appellation relationship (resulting in a nomen for another nomen), in practice the general case would not be provided for in implementations. Structurally, in a system implementation where instances of the entity nomen are assigned an internal identifier (also a nomen of a specific type) this relationship would be implicit in the system design. An example of this situation could be found in a linked data implementation which assigns a URI (nomen) to instances of nomen of other types."@en . . "hasAppellation" . . . . . . . "has association with place"@en . . "Relates any entity with a given extent of space"@en . "In most implementations this relationship would be refined to reflect the exact nature of the association, for example, place of work conception or creation, place of expression creation (e.g., place of musical performance), place of publication or manufacture, current or former location of an item, and location of an agent."@en . . "hasAssociationWithPlace" . . . . . . . "has association with time-span"@en . . "Relates any entity with a temporal extent"@en . "In most implementations this relationship would be refined to reflect the exact nature of the association, for example, time of work conception or creation, time of expression creation (e.g., date/time of musical performance), time of publication or manufacture, period of ownership of an item, date of birth of a person, time of validity of the nomen for a particular res."@en . . "HasAssociationWithTime-span" . . . . . . . "has as subject"@en . . "Relates a work to its topic(s)"@en . "The logical connection between a work and a related subject entity serves as the basis both for identifying the subject of an individual work and for ensuring that all works relevant to a given subject are linked to that subject."@en . . "hasAsSubject" . . . . . . . "has beginning"@en . . "Relates a time-span to a value for the time at which the time-span started, expressed in a precise way in an authoritative external system to allow temporal positioning of events"@en . "The level of precision used can vary according to the context."@en . . "hasBeginning" . . . . "has cartographic scale"@en . . "Relates an expression to a ratio of distances in a cartographic expression to the actual distances they represent"@en . "The cartographic scale attribute is specific to expressions of cartographic works. The cartographic scale attribute may apply to horizontal, vertical, angular, and/or other distances represented in the expression."@en . . "hasCartographicScale" . . . . "has category of carrier"@en . . "Relates a manifestation to a type of material to which all physical carriers of the manifestation are assumed to belong"@en .